![]() ![]() This means interruption of daily activities or inconvenience. When symptoms vary, manual adjustment is needed to change the dosage settings by the patient or doctor. There are a few limitations to the current neurostimulation methods. Therefore, the consumption of battery energy by wireless communication is not a major concern. The operation is not continuous and is mostly conducted when there is a need to change settings. ![]() The distance between the coils through tissues is usually short so the near-field coupling is effective for low data rates at a low RF carrier frequency. Coil from this programmer couples radio frequency signals into the coil in the stimulator for communication. Some stimulators can be reprogrammed to change the dosages wirelessly by placing a wireless programmer on the skin. The lead connects the electrodes to the stimulator, consisting of circuits and battery to produce desired waveforms. Neurostimulation conventionally is delivered by conductive electrodes on a lead that is inserted into the tissues and placed at the target site. Different conditions of course require targeting specific location(s) for delivering the signals using particular parameters of electrical waveforms. With electrical signals delivered into nerves to intercept pain signals before they reach the brain, the feeling of pain can be inhibited. ![]() Generally speaking, neurostimulation delivers electrical voltage or current into the excitable tissues, such as muscles and nerves, to reactivate tissue functions. These procedures are usually less dramatic than the ones for central nervous system. Peripheral nerve stimulation has also been utilized in the relief of pain in the extremities. Typically the electrodes are placed at the target and connect to a sizable electrical pulse generator, called a stimulator, placed in a pocket formed beneath the skin. Neurostimulation electrodes have been implanted in various nervous system locations for clinical therapies, including in the spinal cord, thalamic nuclei (e.g., ventroposterolateral or ventroposteromedial), periaqueductal gray (PAG), periventricular gray, anterior cingulate cortex, and other regions near the central gray, onto the nervous tissues, or onto organs such as the sacral nerve, vagus nerve, heart, or stomach. Trials and experiments now are conducted utilizing neurostimulation for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and irritable bowel syndrome, etc. Neurostimulation has also been used for artificial retina, cochlea, and limbs to restore vision, hearing functions, or control prosthetic arms, respectively. Neurostimulators have been used to treat and relieve symptoms for neurological disorders, including pain, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, tremor, dystonia, tinnitus, stroke, incontinence, gastroparesis (GP), and obesity. Chiao, in Principles and Applications of RF/Microwave in Healthcare and Biosensing, 2017 4.4.1 Neurostimulators ![]()
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